全民节约时代,机械工业发展的新趋势
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 48.2pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 31pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B><FONT size=4> </FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">全民节约时代正在到来。深入发展以节约资源</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">能源</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">保护环境为核心要素之一的机械再制造工程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主观条件成熟,客观需要迫切,箭已上弦,势在必行。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">机械再制造工程的五项奋斗目标:</SPAN></B></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1, </FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">提高机械精度</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">特别是传统修造技术难以解决的<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">组装精度</B>。通过再制造,不仅全面恢复而是明显地超越机械原新造精度水平,以满足现代机械高效率,高效益运行,如铁路客货车提速,工程机械降低司机室震动噪音改善劳动条件等需要。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">提高机械摩擦副原设计的摩擦磨损性能,</B>满足现代机械延长检修周期和另部件使用寿命如铁路车辆厂修,段修年限,工程机械大修间隔小时等需要。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">提高机械运行安全性能,</B>从惯性故障的源头上,消灭或压缩不安全因素,保证运行质量,如提高铁路的安全正点率,工程机械的平均故障间隔时间等</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">大幅度精简工艺程序</B></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">成倍</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">数十倍地提高另部件修造效率。同时压缩昂贵的热处理,精加工等专业设备投资。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,挖<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">掘另部件潜在寿命,</B>有效地降低资源和能源浪费,减少废弃物,保护环境。体现全民节约的社会精神。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">贯彻实施再制造工程奋斗目标的,机械精密化技术两大武器。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: -21.3pt 432.0pt 486.0pt 495.0pt 504.0pt"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Chn FMing S5'"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">采用现代高分子复合材料作为摩擦副一方</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的工作面,代替传统的金属<SPAN lang=EN-US>-金属摩擦副,从而赋予涂层修复,改造后的另部件以优异的摩擦磨损性能。以DP系列高分子复合材料,初步达到的水平为例,复合材料-钢摩擦副的磨损率可低到一般巴氏耐磨合金</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Chn FMing S5'"><FONT face="Times New Roman">-</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">钢摩擦副的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Chn FMing S5'"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1/7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,减磨性和摩擦系数可低到铸铁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Chn FMing S5'"><FONT face="Times New Roman">-</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">钢摩擦副的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Chn FMing S5'"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1/10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。从此机械制造、机械修理后的水平,不再是恢复,机械原来制造年代的老标准,而是与时俱进,和复合材料、纳米材料的发展并驾齐驱。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Chn FMing S5'"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Chn FMing S5'"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">采用一步到位的精密化涂层<SPAN lang=EN-US>,模压工艺,</SPAN></B>代替传统机械修理的焊补,热处理,机床粗加工,精加工,钳工镶配等多步走工艺。大量精简修造工序,其效率、和精度之高远非一般工艺所能比拟。例如,同心度,接触面密合度等组装精度达到近<SPAN lang=EN-US>100%。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与此同时压缩熔焊作业,减少高温应力,裂纹,大幅度减少机械运行故障,提高安全生产率</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,压缩设备投资。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">扩大再制造技术应用范围。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30.8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.2; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: -18.0pt 432.0pt 486.0pt 495.0pt 504.0pt"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">] </FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">机械精密化技术的昨天,明天和今天</SPAN></B></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.2; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: -18.0pt 432.0pt 486.0pt 495.0pt 504.0pt"><FONT size=4><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">早在<SPAN lang=EN-US>20世纪中中叶,机械精密化技术就在不同机械工业部门,不同的水平上,以不同的名称,解决了不少不同的技术难题。</SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">例如(<SPAN lang=EN-US>1)海军系统,鱼雷快艇的发动机在船头,螺旋桨在船尾。传动轴需通过几道轴承,同心度要求很高,就是采用类似技术解决的。(2)机床系统,超重型龙门铣床、刨床的导轨,采用精密化涂层技术,解决了高精度和爬行的质量关键。过去一台</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Chn FMing S5'"><FONT face="Times New Roman">X2150</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">龙门铣工作台采用精刨仍达不到要求,还需</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Chn FMing S5'"><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个工人刮研</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Chn FMing S5'"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2~3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个月。改用涂层后质量提高了,工作量却减少</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Chn FMing S5'"><FONT face="Times New Roman">95 % .</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现 已列为国家标准。(<SPAN lang=EN-US>3)水利系统,水轮机叶片采用精密化涂层,解决了大面积腐蚀和焊修变形问题, 获得国家进步奖。(4)铁路系统,</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1985</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">精密化技术初级阶段的,高分子涂层技术,经历了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个铁路局的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Chn FMing S5'"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个科研所,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Chn FMing S5'"><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个机务段<SPAN lang=EN-US>,和2个铁路机车车辆工厂,2年多的研究,开发,运行</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通过了铁道部</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">部级鉴定。开创了中国铁路机车车辆重大配件,合法采用高分子复合材料代替全金属配件的先例。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1987/9</SPAN>期美国<SPAN lang=EN-US>MACHINE DESIGN 杂志,曾在国际新设计栏目中,将本项目推举为我国唯一的新产品代表,在显明的中华人民共和国署名前,与各国最优秀新产品并列。<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1988/10</SPAN> 期英国DESIGN ENGINEERING 杂志把精密化技术作为</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在重型机械工程中有广泛应用可能性的耐磨复合材料,向读者推荐。此后不少国家的大学,企业,工程师<SPAN lang=EN-US>,工人,纷纷通过使馆,铁道部,编辑部,来函,索取资料,咨询,联系技术合作。<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1990</SPAN>年,上海某橡胶厂在</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Φ</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">250</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">′</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">300mm,轴重44吨,线速15M/min的碾压机上,试用涂层滑动轴承代替原来磨损快,易松动的铜或尼龙轴承。经过连续4个月双班作业,几乎量不出磨损来。可见DP材料在高压,低速,油润困难摩擦副上的优越地位。<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1993</SPAN>年,大同煤矿某机械厂的一台重型龙门刨床面严重拉伤。需拆送外地有更大龙门刨的工厂修理加工。来回拆装运输,耗时费工影响全厂生产。经采用精密化涂层技术,不需要机床设备,原地修复,三天恢复生产。涂料成本100元。大同水厂大型水泵特殊铜合金均衡轮,每只近千元,经常拉伤更换,采用精密化涂层修复,涂料成本50元,寿命增加若干倍。<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1995</SPAN>年与江西某矿合作,采用精密化涂层技术修复煤矿支柱液压缸。经半年井下运用后检查,符合继续应用的条件。液压缸</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Φ1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">00H10mm,高1000mm。特点是细,长,薄,精度高,批量大,传统修理工艺,难以解决,类似的情况在工程机械,翻斗车等机械中,大量存在。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: -18.0pt 432.0pt 486.0pt 495.0pt 504.0pt"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>来自四面八方,闪烁发光的机械精密化创新亮点,越来越多,水平越来越高,效益越来越惊人。说明机械精密化技术,已从解决个别疑难问题发展到系统分析<SPAN lang=EN-US>,提高,推广,形成机械再制造大气候的条件已经成熟。而当前,成千上万职工的铁路大厂,年利润比不上百十号工人的民营小厂;几十万一台的国产工程机械卖不过上百万一台同类型洋机器的局面,也到了非改不可的时候了。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBlockText style="MARGIN: 0cm auto 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=4><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">明天的中国,将是全民节约型社会的天下。明天的中国机械工业,必须是全民节约型工业。</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">今天的机械创新路线,体制,是用一列车,一列车廉价纺织品,去换取西方专利严格控制,剥削下的二手机械技术。相反地却严厉约束自主创新的试验和推广。这样的做法,早晚应退居二线。明天,来自中国自主知识产权,为全民节约型社会服务,类似机械精密化再制造等技术的发展,势在必行。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以铁路货车工业为例。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2004</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">全年</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“铁道车辆”杂志上,研讨铁路货车,惯性运行和维修故障的文章共</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">篇。其中至少</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">80%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">涉及到承载鞍</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">侧架</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">心盘等重大配件摩损超标,裂纹;车钩分离;上下心盘松动和螺栓丢失;交叉杆</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">制动梁滚子轴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">立柱等裂纹</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">松动和有关问题。分析故障原因</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其中至少</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">80%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">产生于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">焊修热应力和震动下发展裂纹或破损,加工或组装精度不够,摩擦磨损性能差等。这些正是机械精密化再制造技术的强项。保守地讲,机械精密化技术也能消除其中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">80%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的起因。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">80%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">╳</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">80%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">╳</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">80%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">≒<SPAN lang=EN-US>51.2%。就是说仅仅</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">推广</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">机械精密化一项技术,就可以保证根除货车<SPAN lang=EN-US>50%以上的惯性</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">质量故障。其影响铁路运输安全和效益效率之大,可想而知。又如铁路货车关键另部件之一的承载鞍,由于工作面多,焊修容易变形,一般只能进行修整加工,加工到限后就报废换新。全路</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">50</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万辆货车,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> 400</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万个承载鞍,年报废量按</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1/5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,单价按</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">200</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">元估算,仅此一项年消耗即达</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">千万元。如采用机械精密化技术进行再制造,费用可以节约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2/3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,人工,能源节约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">90%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上。而且再制造,克服了修整加工必然导致的,组装偏差的扩大,货车高速度运行质量因此得到保证。又如,一列货车有上百条轮对,如果组装精度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">也就是技术上所谓的轴距</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">高,条条轮对都能较正确地一齐向前,平行转动,比之当前法定偏差大,较宽地允许有的轮对偏左转,有的轮对偏右转,作用互相抵消,其运用质量,效率无疑相差甚巨。提高这一关键性组装精度,在传统工艺上是个弱项</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,困难重重,几乎是老虎屁股没有人敢碰。相反地对机械精密化工艺来说却正是非常有利的强项。这许多自主技术创新实例的验证工作,已在争取中。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">再以工程机械为例。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在市场竞争中,司机室震动大噪音高,劳动条件差是我国工程机械落后于世界水平的主要指标之一。目前指望投资高精度的专用加工设备,指望高性能减振装置,来解决振动和噪音音源,解决振动和噪音的传播,成本高,效率低,难以与国外同类产品竞争。实践证明,曾为铁路机车转向架减振立功的,机械精密化涂层技术具备了更优越的降低振动噪音条件。它的特点是:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,振动主要产生于工件与工件间的组装精度差。如结合面接触不良,局部有间隙,容易松动。如轴与轴瓦同心度低,紧固螺孔错位等等。在工件分别加工,然后组装到一起的条件下,采用的机床再精密,这些组装误差也很难达到高标准。而以现代复合材料,粘结工艺为基础的,机械精密化涂层技术,几乎可以在粗加工的条件下,使组装精度接近</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">100% </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">工件愈复杂效果愈明显。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,高分子复合材料本身就是吸振,隔振的弹性体,用它来组装工程机械,等于在大大小小另部件之间,都装上了一个减振器。效果当然更突出。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoBlockText style="MARGIN: 0cm auto 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">再如,柱塞泵液压缸的精度和耐磨性能,关系到工程机械全面的运行效率和效益。液压缸缸壁薄而长,焊补变形大,上万元一台的液压缸,往往由于少量磨损,局部拉伤而报废。采用机械精密化技术,自制简单工装,就可以批量修复磨损的液压缸。磨损深度在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">0.2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">左右时</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">复合材料费用不过几十元。操作工时不超过半个工,不仅工艺简单,而摩擦磨损性能则胜过原设计蘸火硬化的摩擦副。这一项目的验证,正在有关工厂进行中。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: -18.0pt 522.0pt 531.0pt"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>科学技术的发展一日千里。今天的机械精密化技术,对我们当前的机械工业来说,已经具备很高的经济价值,但是还远没有达到它进一步现代化,可能达到的水平。再说高水平的新技术也绝不会是仅此一家。只要通过机械精密化技术的典型创新,破除对旧观点,路线,思想,体制,规章的迷信,树立自主创新信心。一个百花齐放的,全民节约型机械工业,必然将从东方升起。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: -18.0pt 522.0pt 531.0pt"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>为了迅速提高机械精密化再制造技术的社会效益,对有推广条件和创新积极性的国营企业,可以考虑分地区地,无偿转让配方设计和生产应用工艺。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.92; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: -18.0pt 522.0pt 531.0pt"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>下决心吧!就在您掌握机械精密化再制造信息的第一时间:今天。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 49.4pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.53; mso-char-indent-size: 13.95pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: -18.0pt 522.0pt 531.0pt"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>联系人:<SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>铁路机械高级工程师<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>范哲<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 84pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 6.0; mso-char-indent-size: 14.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=4><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">联系电话:<SPAN lang=EN-US> 0562 6803200<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>E-MAIL:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">zhef84@163.com</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
Re: 全民节约时代,机械工业发展的新趋势
管理员,您认为这样的文章,有多少人会仔细地、认真地、带有目的地去看呢?又有多少人会看完之后有所思考,既而有所行动呢?辛苦您了!
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