lujiaxiang 发表于 2007-5-7 15:14:34

铝的合金强化

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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">纯铝的力学性能不高,不适宜制作承受较大载荷的结构零件。为了提高铝的力学性能在纯铝中加入某些合金元素制成合金,常加入的合金元素有铜、镁、铬、锌、硅、锰、镍、钴、钛及锶等,稀土元素在某些合金中加入。这些合金元素加入后通过以下几个方面对铝进行强化。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">.固溶强化</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">合金元素加入纯铝中形成无限固溶体或有限固溶体,不仅能获得高的强度,而且还能获得优良的塑性与良好的压力加工性能。在一般铝合金中固溶强化最常用的合金元素是铜、镁、锰、锌、硅、镍等元素。一般铝的合金化都形成有限的固溶体,如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Al-Cu</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Al-Mg</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Al-Zn</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Al-Si</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Al-Mn</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">等二元合金均形成有限固溶体,并且都有较大的极限溶解度能起较大的固溶强化效果。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">.时效强化</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">铝合金热处理后可以得到过饱和的铝基固溶体。这种过饱和铝基固溶体在室温或加热到某一温度时,其强度和硬度随时间和延长而增高,但塑性降低。这个过程就称时效。时效过程中使合金的强度、硬度增高的现象称为时效强化或时效硬化。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">.过剩相强化</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">当铝中加入的合金元素含水量超过其极限溶解度时,淬火加热时便有一部分不能溶入固溶体的第二相出现称之为过剩相。在铝合金中过剩相多为硬而脆的金属间化合物。它们在合金中起阻碍滑移和位错运动的作用,使强度、硬度提高,而塑性、韧性降低。合金中过剩相的数量愈多,其强化效果愈好,但过剩相多时,由于合金变脆而导致强度、塑性降低。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">细化组织强化</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">在铝合中添加微量元素细化组织是提高铝合金力学性能的另一种重要手段。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">变形铝合金中添加微量钛、锆、铍、锶以及稀土元素,它们能形成难熔化合物,在合金结晶时作为非自发晶核,起细化晶粒作用,提高合金的强度和塑性。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">铸造铝合金中常加入微量元素作变质处理来细化合金组织,提高强度和塑性。变质处理对不能热处理强化或强化效果不大的铸造铝合金和变形铝合金具有特别重要的意义。比如在铝硅铸造铝合金中加入微量钠或钠盐或锑作变质剂进行变质处理,细化组织可以显著提高塑性和强度。同样在铸造铝合金中加入少量锰、铬、钴等元素能使杂质铁形成的板块状或针状化合物</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">AlFeSi</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">细化,提高塑性,加入微量锶可消除或减少初晶硅,并使共晶硅细化;粒子园整度提高。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">冷变形强化</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">冷变形强化亦称冷作硬化,即金属材料在再结晶温度以下冷变形,冷变形时,金属内部位错密度增大,且相互缠结并形成胞状结构,阻碍位错运动。变形度越大位错缠结越严重,变形抗力越大,强度越高。冷变形后强化的程度随变形度、变形温度及材料本身的性质而不同。同一材料在同一温</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #3d362b; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV>
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老鹰 发表于 2007-5-7 15:17:30

Re: 铝的合金强化

文章不完整,没有结束?转帖的?
转帖一般是精品文章,并且是自己熟悉的东西,读过的。感谢大侠。

hua_102a 发表于 2012-4-10 16:34:03

感谢楼主,可惜没有发完,有完整版的吗

武汉老虎 发表于 2012-4-11 12:30:14

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