世界电炉钢发展概况
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">钢铁冶金的技术本质是高温化学反应，因此传统冶炼工艺的主要能源是基于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">C-O</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">反应的化学能。电弧炉炼钢与此不同，它以电能为主要能源。电弧炉炼钢技术的发展，始终与电力资源和废钢资源密切相关，当然电炉炼钢也有其发展的必要条件。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">早在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪初，在钢铁冶金领域内，人们就开始寻求应用电能进行冶炼的技术途径，此后一百多年间各种大规模实现电</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">-</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">热转换的冶炼装置相继出现。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1800</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年，汉符</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">大卫</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">先生受碳弧的启发最早提出了电弧炉的设想。然而，直到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1829</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年威廉</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">西门子</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">才真正利用直接起弧和间接起弧的原理试用电弧炉并申请了专利。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1899</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年法国人赫奥特</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">设计的第一台炼钢电弧炉投入生产。这一时期电弧炉技术的发展受电能及电极的制约且进程缓慢。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1906</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日，赫奥特在美国纽约的海康</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">钢公司安装的第一台电炉生产出了第一炉钢水，这是美国境内的第一台电炉，在此以前，美国的电炉钢产量为零。这个长方型电炉装有单相两极电极，容量为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.6t</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年后，一台容量更小的电炉安装在宾夕法利亚州的菲斯—史特宁</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">钢公司。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1909</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年，伊利诺伊钢厂安装了一台容量为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">13.5t</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的三相电炉，这是当时世界最大的电弧炼钢炉而且是第一台圆形电炉，这台电炉在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1909</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日顺利出第一炉钢水。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1910</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1980</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">70</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年间，几乎所有的电弧炉都是交流</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电弧炉，从上世纪</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">80</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年代开始，直流电弧炉开始显示出一些优越性，例如节省电极、噪音低等。在过去的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">15</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年，相当部分新电炉都采用直流</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">供电方式，其容量从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10t</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">300t</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。现代电炉一般都装备有天燃气咀，大量使用氧气</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，偏心炉底出钢</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">及废钢预热系统。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在过去的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年内，电弧炉炼钢</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">发展迅速。由于氧气顶吹转炉取代平炉而成为主要的炼钢方法后，废钢资源开始变得丰富而低廉了，在发达国家例如美国、欧洲、日本更是如此，因为这些国家是钢铁消费大国，废钢资源更加丰富。与钢水相比，其价格具有强大的竞争力。廉价而资源丰富的废钢以及投资低的优势使采用电弧炉炼钢的一些电炉钢厂</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">得以迅速发展。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">起初，这些电炉钢厂只能生产一些对质量要求不高的长材产品，如棒材、钢筋等建筑材料，但是随着上世纪末薄板坯连铸连轧的发展，电炉钢厂已经可以生产以前只能是转炉工艺生产的扁平材产品了。从此，电炉钢厂进入了新的发展阶段。上世纪</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">90</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年代，仅北美地区新一代的电炉钢厂的产能已达</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1500-2000</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万吨，大量的废钢代用品及氧气等化学能的使用，使电炉的生产效率和产品质量发生了翻天覆地的变化。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这些变化主要表现在：电炉的冶炼周期</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">200min</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">减少到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">55min</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以下，电耗从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">600kWh/t</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">减少到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">400kWh/t</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以下。这些归功于电弧炉炼钢的一系列技术措施的采用，例如超高功率、长弧埋弧冶炼、废钢预热、大量使用化学能、物理能及二次精炼钢技术等等。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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