sgmiao 发表于 2006-11-14 23:29:45

高效连铸知识问答

<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=center><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG>高效连铸知识问答</STRONG></FONT></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><STRONG> </STRONG></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">什么是高效连铸?  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 答:高效连铸通常定义为五高:即整个连铸坯生产过程是高拉速、高质量、高效率、高作业率、高温铸坯。陆着市场经济的深入发展,应当添加高经济效益</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">大幅度降成本</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">这一项最直接的指标;另外,高自动控制也提到日程上来了。目前,国内的方坯高效连铸</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">以</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">150</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">方为例</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">,应在单流年产</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">15</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">万吨</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">~20</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">万吨合格普碳钢铸坯的水平、板坯应在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">100</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">万</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">-150</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">万吨合格铸坯的水平。其铸坯每吨的成本也在逐年降低。连铸机的全程自动控制水平也在逐年提高。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>2</FONT></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.高效连铸技术有哪些主要内容</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 答:高效连铸技术是一项系统的整体技术,实现高效连铸需要工艺、设备、生产组织和管理、物流管理、生产操作以及与之配套的炼钢车间各个环节的协调与统一。主要技术内容如下:</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">保证适宜的钢水温度、最佳的钢水成分.并保证其稳定性的连铸相关配套技术。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(2)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">供应清洁的钢水和良好流动性钢水的连铸相关技术。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(3)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">连铸的关键技术—高冷却强度的、导热均匀的长寿结晶器总成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">包括结晶器整体结构、精密水套、导热均匀的曲面铜管等等</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(4)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">高精度、长寿的结晶器振动装置是高效连铸关键技术之一,这其中包括振动装置硬件的优化及结晶器振动形式、振动工艺参数的软件优化。  以往高效连铸采用的半板簧、全板簧及高频小振幅正弦波形起到了一定的正面效果。目前,中冶连铸研制的新型串接式全板簧振动装置,其精度更高,整体刚度增强,寿命长,对促进高效连铸进一步发展将起到重要作用。该装置可采用液压传动或机械传动,液压传动可增加正滑脱时间,提高保护渣用量,减小上振速度峰值,降低拉坯阻力,降低负滑脱时间,使振痕深度相应减小。机械传动可以降低成本,更易于,推广使用。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(5)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">保护渣技术。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  众所周知,保护渣与拉速相匹配,拉速提高后,保护渣黏度等指标要相应改进,保证用量不减或在允许范围内减少,以保证铸坯的高质量。因此,连铸高效化后必须有低黏度、低熔点、高熔化速度、大凝固系数的保护渣。保护渣技术是连铸高效化的一项关键技术。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(6)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">结晶器嚣钢水液面控制技术。  拉速越高,结晶器液面波动越大。液面波动大易产生卷渣及夹杂物造成铸坯缺陷,因此液面稳定越来越变得重要了。目前国内自动控制液面技术趋于成熟,可使液面稳定在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">3mm</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">左右。该技术对高效连铸也是不可缺少的。  (</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">7</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">)二次冷却的硬件及软件技术  这也是高效连铸中关键技术之—,其硬件要求尽量做到冷却均匀</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">无障碍喷淋</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">且可方便调节。目前由于市场对合金钢、品种钢及普碳钢质量的高标准要求,新建连铸机趋向于增大半径,板坯趋向于弧形改造为直弯形连铸机,其目的就是使从结晶器到二冷形成全方位的铸坯对称凝固或接近对称凝固过程,以此获得高质量铸坯。近年来板、方坯连铸机二冷动态自动控制喷水冷却有了较快发展,软件的发展更具实用性、适用性,对各钢种、不同拉速、不同温度变化都可及时调整水量,以生产高质量铸坯。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(8)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">连续矫直技术。  根据铸坯带液芯矫直机理,选择三次抛物线作为连铸机弧形段和直线段的连续矫直曲线,在高效连铸中起到了良好效果。目前又已倾向于采用轻压下技术,以减小偏析、缩孔。提高铸坯质量。在小方坯中采用热压缩技术,以代替电磁搅拌技术、轻压下技术,也取得满意效果。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>(9)</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">其它技术:铸坯支撑及强化冷却技术、保护浇注技术、钢包技术、中间包技术、电磁搅拌技术、自动开浇技术、低温浇注技术等。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>3</FONT></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.高效连铸对钢水有哪些要求</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 答:高效连铸与普通连铸相比对钢水的要求更力严格;主要体现在几个方面:  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">温度:与常规连铸相比,高效连铸钢水在结晶器内停留时间缩短</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">3-1</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">,为获得同样厚度的坯壳,除了进—步强化结晶器冷却能力外,保证低温钢液是必须的浇注条件,高的钢水温度还会加剧二次氧化及对包衬的腐蚀。过低的温度也会引起质量缺陷。低温浇注并严格控制温度是实现高效连铸的前提。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(2)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">化学成分:高效连铸要求严格控制钢水的化学成分。如多炉连浇,各炉间含碳量的差别要求小于</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>0</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">02</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">%,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Mn</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">S</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">比、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">S</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">P</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">含量应严格控制在要求的范围内。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(3)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">洁净度:随着市场对钢质量的要求越来越高,对钢的洁净度提出了更高的要求。如韩国浦项深冲钢磷、硫、氧、氮、氢</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">大元素总含量已降至</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>0</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">008</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">%。钢水洁净度不仅体现在冶炼方面,洁净浇注即浇注过程中的钢水保护也是实现高效连铸的重要保证。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>4</FONT></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.高效连铸机有哪些结构特征</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;答:高效连铸同传统连铸相比,其特点是高拉速、高质量、高效率、高作业率、高温铸坯。高效连铸机为了适应高效连铸的要求,具有如下结构特征:  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">高效连铸首先要有适合生产连铸坯钢种的最佳机型,即冶炼设备和铸机的装备水平要与实现高效连铸的钢种相匹配。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(2)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">拉速的提高使得连铸机向着增大弧形半径和立弯式机型的方向发展。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(3)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">主体设备要求长寿命,低故障率,可</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">*</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">,并能实现快速更换,事故快速处理。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(4)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">自动化水平高,高效连铸机实现自动化生产。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>5</FONT></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.什么是洁净钢连铸</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">相关的工艺措施失什么</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 答:高质量连铸坯的生产要求钢水夹杂物的含量控制在规定的范围内。在炼钢</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">---</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">—精炼———连铸工艺过程中,炼钢和精炼是保证钢水洁净的基础。同模铸相比,由于连铸的特殊条件,炼钢和精炼后的洁净钢水获得夹杂物含量极低的洁净铸坯比模铸存在更大的困难。如何保证钢水的洁净,获得洁净铸坯,这就是洁净钢连铸技术。洁净钢连铸相关的工艺措施是:  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">无氧化保护浇注:连铸浇铸时间长,钢液暴露于空气中的面积大,从而大大增加了钢液二次氧化的可能性。无氧化保护浇注技术包括五个方面的内容。  ①大包内钢水的保护;②大包至中间罐钢水的保护;③中间罐内钢水的保护;④中间罐至结晶器钢水的保护;⑤结晶器内钢水的保护。其中大包、中间罐和结晶器内钢水的保护分别采用钢水覆盖剂和结晶器保护渣,大包至中间罐钢流使用保护套管法、高压厢法或气幕法,中间罐至结晶器钢流采用浸入式水口进行保护浇注。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(2)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">中间罐夹杂物分离技术:在中间罐内设置各种形式的挡渣墙、坝,设过滤网等使夹杂物上浮分离、过滤。</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">6</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.炉外精炼对连铸的作用是什么</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 答:炉外精炼可使连铸钢水温度和化学成分均匀化,根据需要调整钢水温度,调整钢水成分,去除有害元素,降低钢水中的含气量,改变钢中夹杂物形态和组成,洁净钢水,尤其是保证大型夹杂物不超标,改善钢水流动性。炉外精炼设备还可以起到协调连铸与炼钢之间生产节奏的作用,使生产流畅顺行。  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">7</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.为什么高效连铸特别强调要保证浇注钢水温度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 答:适宜的钢水温度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">不同的钢种有不同的温度要求</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">可使高效连铸生产获得高质量的铸坯,而钢水过热度提高,钢坯坯壳减薄,钢水易于二次氧化,夹杂物增多,耐材严重冲蚀,易出现鼓肚、漏钢、柱状晶发达、中心偏析严重、缩孔严重等一系列问题。高效连铸的生产实践和理论都得出了相同结论,即低温浇铸是提高拉速及改善铸坯质量的重要手段之一。当然,温度低要有界限,温度过低会出现钢水流动性差、水口冻结、夹杂物难以上浮等问题所以高效连铸特别强调要保证浇注钢水温度,即钢水浇注温度均匀稳定地保证在规定的范围内。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">8.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">高效连铸机的钢包支撑装置有何特点</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;  答:高效连铸机的钢包支撑无论是回转台还是三包位行走小车,都应该做到换包快捷,易于上水口,易于阻挡下渣,最好能配有耐用的动态称重装置,以适合多炉连浇、保护浇铸等高效连铸的基本要求。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>9</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.高效连铸机对中间包的要求是什么</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:高效连铸机对中间包的要求是:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">中间包容量大,钢水液面深度要保证足够的夹杂物上浮时间。目前,年产</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">60</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">万吨的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">机</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">流高效方坯连铸机中间包容量可达</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">25</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">吨、液面溢流标高</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">900mm</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>(2)</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">中间包要有最佳温度场及热流分布</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">通过内腔形状,坝、挡墙等方法获取</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">,以达到各水口之间的温度尽可能的均匀,即外侧水口与内侧水口温度差在±</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">℃为好。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>(3)</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">高效连铸由于连浇炉数高,要求中间包外壳体及底部不变形,炉衬经久耐用,最好是整体喷涂。耐材不易腐蚀脱落污染钢水,尤其水口要经久耐用,最好配置水口快速更换装置。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">10</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.高效连铸机对中间包车的要求是什么</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 答:高效连铸机作业率高,因此要求中间包车的事故率要低。中间包车的升降系统要可</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">*</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">耐用,升降平稳,以适应保护浇铸的要求。称重装置尤其应可</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">*</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">,使用寿命长,保证监控中间包液面高度,使中间包液面稳定,波动小,满足高效连铸的需要。中间包车的横向移动要平稳精确,保证水口与结晶器的准确对位。目前小方坯上多采用高低腿门式中间包车,这种中间包车易于操作,采用液压驱动,更快捷、平稳。</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">18.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">什么是“凸形”结晶器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp; 答:“凸形”结晶器是康卡斯特公司推出的一种高效方坯结晶器技术,又名</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Convex</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">结晶器。它的基本特征是:结晶器上部内腔铜壁面向外凸出而不是平的,即上口内圆角大于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">90</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">°</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">往下沿整个结晶器长度方向上逐渐变为平面,即至铜管出口处内圆角又恢复到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">90</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">°角</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">康卡斯特公司认为:上部凸面区传热效率高,角部气隙小,能使坯壳与结晶器尽量可能保持良好接触,坯壳向下运行时,逐渐冷却收缩并自然过渡到平面段。结晶器下部壁面呈平面正好适应了坯壳本身的自然收缩,使结晶器传热效率大为改善。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">19</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.什么是自适应结晶器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:自适应结晶器是达涅利</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(Danieli)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">公司开发的一种高效方坯结晶器,又称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Danam</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">结晶器。其具体做法如下;采用薄型铜管,加大并调节结晶器冷却水压,使薄铜壁紧粘坯壳以消除气隙,实现高拉速。在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Danam</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">结晶器里,通过调节水压,使其上部对铸坯侧面和角部采取不同的横向冷却,来控制气隙的形成,确保坯壳均匀凝固。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">20</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.什么是“钻石”结晶器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:“钻石”结晶器是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">VAI</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">公司推出一种高效方坯结晶器,又称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">DIAMOND</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">VAI</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">采用的技术解决办法如下:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">VAI</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">认为提高拉速,坯壳在结晶器内生长的均匀性和增加坯壳厚度很重要,解决结晶器内坯壳生长均匀性问题,其本质就是如何降低结晶器内气隙热阻。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">VAI </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  采用比常规抛物线锥度大一些的新抛物线形锥度,提高整个结晶器长度上坯壳与结晶器的接触性,方便坯壳在结晶器内均匀生长。增加坯壳厚度的有效办法是延长结晶器长度,增加结晶器中铸坯质点在结晶器内的生长时间。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">VAI</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">经过计算,认为铜管延长至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1000mm</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">长较好。采用过大的抛物线锥度和延长铜管至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">100mm</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">后,会使结晶下部摩擦力增加很大,不利于拉坯。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">VAI</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">通过研究,发现摩擦力过分增大的压力峰值出现在结晶器下部四角边沿区域。为了减小摩擦力,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">VAI</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">采用从距结晶器顶部</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">300</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">400mm</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">处开始,一直到下口为直结晶器角部区域没有锥度,而且愈往下角部无锥度区域也增大。这种方法既确保了结晶器内坯壳的均匀生长,又有效防止了结晶器中尤其下部摩擦力的过分增大。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">VAI</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">认为由于结晶器角部区域为二维热传递,因此在这个区域中小方坯角部区域的直接接触没有绝对必要,因为这个区域中的坯壳总能充分生长。</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">21</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">什么是压力水膜结晶器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:压力水膜结晶器是比利时冶金研究中心</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(CRM)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">和阿贝德厂</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(Arbed)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">联合开发的一种高效结晶器技术。具体做法如下:在结晶器下口固定有四块钢板,水从每块钢板上加工的狭缝喷射出来,钢板与结晶器面成直线放置,并与铸坯表面间留有小间隙,间隙使高速流动着的水充满并形成一层水膜。钢板上的狭缝向下倾斜,使得从中流出来的水能朝下流动。水膜既起强冷作用,又起支撑铸坯作用,这就是压力水膜结晶器。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">22</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.什么是曲面结晶器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:曲面结晶器是中冶连铸开发的一种高效方坯结晶器技术。该技术是从传热角度,根据气隙产生的主要原因,通过对结晶器热变形和小方坯收缩的分析开发出来的。其基本特征如下:该结晶器从轴向看由三部分组成。上口部分轴向和横向具有变化的锥度,且横向中间往外凸;中间部分轴向具有变化锥度,横向为正方形;出口部分轴向和横向具有变化的锥度,横向中间往内凹,以补偿由结晶器热变形和小方坯收缩产生的气隙,并降低出口部角部区域摩擦力,使坯壳在结晶器内均匀、快速生长,从而获得高拉速,改善铸坯质量。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">23</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.高效方坯连铸机结晶器铜管内腔形状是根据什么原则设计的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:高效方坯连铸机结晶器铜管内腔形状是根据连铸方坯的凝固特征设计的。主要考虑了两个方面:一是在弯月面附近,由于热流密度大,热量集中,结晶器铜管受热变形量。二是铸坯在凝固过程中的坯壳收缩。设计的原则是结晶器铜管内腔形状与凝固坯壳收缩规律相一致,减少气隙热阻。  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">24</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.什么是精制铜水套技术</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:研究发现方坯连铸结晶器铜管外壁四周的冷却水流速不均匀,会导致结晶器铜管上的一个或多个壁面比其它壁面温度高,引起结晶器铜管热变形,严重影响铸坯质量和连铸生产。因此,水套与结晶器铜管之间的间隙均匀性非常重要,生产中要绝对保证结晶器铜管的外部尺寸和水套的内部尺寸之间保持精密公差。如水缝为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">8mm</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">,当间隙相差仅</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1mm</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">就会导致冷却水速变化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">20</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">%,因此采用窄水缝技术的结晶器,就要配有精度要求非常高的水套,否则还不如采用宽水缝技术的结晶器。另外,通过对水套的研究还发现:在水套与法兰焊接处,由于焊接变形,水套发生鼓肚,使此处冷却水流速局部降低,导致与此对应处的结晶器铜管表面温度显著提高,也影响铸坯质量和连铸生产。目前,国内使用的水套绝大部分为先数控铣后,再拼装焊接在一起,或经简单分块冲压后再焊接在一起。因此,这类水套并不能保证真正意义上的高效连铸生产。  综上所述,要从真正意义上解决高效连铸核心问题,其中之一就是要很好地解决水套内腔形状和尺寸精度控制问题。目前钢厂大量使用的结晶器铜管几乎都是挤压成型技术生产的,铜管内、外形及其尺寸控制已达到很高精度。如果能采用铜管生产技术来生产水套,这个问题就好办了,但前提要解决好用铜管生产技术生产出来的铜水套与水套法兰连接装配问题。因为水套法兰一般为钢件,如果钢与铜焊接在一起又会引起铜水套变形,而且铜与钢的焊接技术也不好掌握。中冶连铸科研人员巧妙地解决了这道难题。他们不用焊接,而是用简单纯机械加工和一般机械装配方法,就能完成法兰与铜水套之间的连接难题,这就是精制铜水套技术,是我国的自主知识产权。该项技术已成功应用在宣钢、浦钢、承钢、酒钢等钢厂的连铸生产中,也是中冶连铸公司的国家专利技术。</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">25.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">高效连铸结晶器铜管材质的主要特征是什么?  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:高效连铸结晶器材质的要求是导热性好,再结晶温度高,抗热疲劳,强度高,耐磨性好,使用寿命长,高效连铸结晶器铜管材质的主要特征是铜管材质上述性能的综合性能最优。  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">26.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">什么是人工附加气隙结晶器?有什么特点?  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:人工附加气隙结晶器是新日本制铁株式会社开发的一种高效方坯结晶器技术,又称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">X---MOLD</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">。传统结晶器中热流量沿结晶器轴向分布极不均匀,在弯月面处最大,在结晶器下部热流量显著下降,这也是传统结晶器难以大幅提高连铸拉速的障碍。新日本株式会社认为:能不能找到抑制弯月面处的大量热流量,并使其向结晶器中下部转移的方法,实现结晶器内热流量沿结晶器轴向分布近似恒定,是解决结晶器高拉速的关键所在。新日本制铁株式会社采取二条措施解决上述问题。首先在弯月面附近人为培养人工气隙,使该区域热流下降;另外,铜管锥度采用抛物线锥度,以提高结晶器中下部热流。培养人工气隙的具体措施是在弯月面区域采取机械加工方法来实现。控制热流的传递。实践证明该种结晶器非常适合品种钢生产。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">27.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">什么是热顶结晶器?  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:铸坯表面质量很大程度上取决于弯月面处初生坯壳的均匀性,而初生坯亮的均匀性决定于弯月面处的热流密度和传热的均匀性。热流密度大,初生坯壳增长太快,会增加振痕深度,同时使坯壳提前收缩,增强了坯壳厚度的不均匀性。局部产生凹陷,组织粗化,产生明显的裂纹敏感性。为此,在结晶器弯月面区域镶嵌低导热材料,以减少热流密度,延缓坯壳收缩,即热顶结晶器。  试验表明,浇注低碳钢时拉速为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">3m</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">min</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">,弯月面处的热流密度:普通结晶器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">2MW</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">m2</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">,热顶结晶器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">0</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">5MW</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">m2</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">。采用热顶结晶器热流减少了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">75</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">%,振痕减少了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">30</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">%,表面质量得到明显改善。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">28.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">爆炸成型的结晶器铜管有何特点?  答:带锥度的结晶器铜管可以采用仿型加工或带内芯和外模的压力成型方法制造,仿型加工会破坏铜的组织结构,影响使用寿命,加工复杂锥度需要特殊的加工设备,提高了制造成本。压力成型会产生较大的切头切尾,铜的收得率低。爆炸成型的结晶器铜管可以制成多锥度及内腔的小园角,尤其有利于报废的旧结晶器得到修复。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">29.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">爆炸成型的结晶器水套有何特点?  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:随着高效连铸的发展,高效窄缝水套式结晶器在国内外得到了广泛的应用。窄缝水套式结晶器对导流水套的精度和形式提出了很高的要求。结晶器四侧水缝的偏差会对水流速带来很大的影响,造成四侧冷却不均匀。加工结晶器水套采用机加工后焊接以及整体挤压后焊接的方法都难以完全消除焊缝的影响。爆炸成型的结晶器水套具有无焊缝加工,制造精度高等特点。国外的不锈钢水套多采用爆炸成型工艺制作。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">30</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.什么是喷淋式结晶器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">有何特点</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:喷淋式结晶器是将管式结晶器隔离水缝改为喷淋水冷却,即由喷嘴喷出的喷淋水直接喷到结晶器铜管上实现冷却。冷却效率高,有较显著的节水效果。喷淋式结晶器结构简单,对密封要求低,避免了水缝结晶器铜管角部冷却强度不可调、冷却强度相对较弱、温度分布不均匀等问题。喷淋式结晶器在小方坯连铸机上得到了广泛的应用。理论上讲,喷淋式结晶器可使用一般的冷却水,但在生产实际中出现的结垢、喷嘴堵塞等问题导致的事故影响了喷淋式结晶器的使用。  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">31</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.什么是“水缝式”结晶器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">有何特点</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:“水缝式”结晶器与喷淋式结晶器都属于管式结晶器。“水缝式”结晶器在结晶器铜管外加一水套管,由结晶器铜管与水套管之间形成的水缝通水冷却。“水缝式”结晶器使用稳定,不易发生堵塞。目前高效连铸普遍使用水缝小于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">4mm</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">的窄水缝结晶器,提高冷却水的流速,配合抛物线锥度铜管,取得了很好的效果。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">32</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.什么是板坯在线调宽结晶器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:为了适应生产多种规格铸坯的需要,缩短更换结晶器的时间,结晶器调宽可以在线调节。板坯在线调宽结晶器即是结晶器的两个窄边可以多次分小步向内或向外移动,直至调到预定的宽度,在生产过</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">程中完成对结晶器宽度的调整。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">33</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.结晶器为什么要在线调宽</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:为了生产多种规格铸坯,结晶器宽度要进行改变。结晶器在线调宽可以连续浇铸出不同宽度尺寸的铸坯,节省了停机时间,提高了生产效率;可减少铸坯切头切尾的损耗,提高收得率;可浇铸相近成分的钢水而不需停机。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">34</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.高效连铸为什么要实行结晶器液面控制</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:结晶器液面控制最基本的作用是避免结晶器的溢流和拉空。理论和生产实践表明,钢坯的许多缺陷都与结晶器钢水液面波动有关,高效连铸拉速提高,对结晶器钢水液面波动要求更高。钢水液面波动会引起坯壳厚度不均匀,影响铸坯质量甚至发生漏钢,液面波动还会使振痕加深,出现卷渣等。因此,高效连铸特别要实行结晶器液面控制。  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">35</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.结晶器液面检测常用的方法有哪些</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:结晶器液面检测常用的方法有:电涡流法、电磁感应法、热电偶法、红外线法、放射源法等。当前采用最多的方法是钴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">60</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">或铯</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">137</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">放射源检测法。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">36</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.结晶器为什么要振动,高效连铸对结晶器振动有什么特殊要求</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:结晶器实施有规律的往复振动,可以防止拉坯时坯壳与结晶器黏结,同时获得良好的铸坯质量。结晶器向上运动时,减少新生的坯壳与结晶器壁产生黏结,以防止坯壳受到较大的应力,减少铸坯表面出现裂纹;而结晶器向下运动时,借助结晶器壁与坯壳的摩擦,在坯壳上施加一定的压力,愈合结晶器上升时拉出的裂痕。高效连铸对结晶器振动要求高频,小振幅,负滑脱时间不易太长,正滑脱时间里振动速度与拉速之差减小,合适的结晶器超前量。</SPAN></FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <BR></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">37</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.什么是结晶器超前量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:结晶器超前量指负滑脱时间里结晶器行程超过铸坯的那段距离。研究认为,结晶器超前量取</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">4mm</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">较合适。一方面,结晶器超前量应足够大,以确保坯壳在钢液面处能与结晶器较好地分离。防止粘结;另一方面,结晶器超前量也不能太大,否则会产生深的、不均匀的振痕。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">38</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.什么是负滑脱量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:在结晶器下振速度大于拉坯速度时,称为“负滑脱。负滑脱量的定义为:  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">a=(Vmax</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">V</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">拉</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">V</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">拉</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">X100</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">%  式中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> a</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">—负滑脱量%,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>Vmax</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">—结晶器下振时最大速度,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">m</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">min</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">;</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>V</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">拉—拉坯速度,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">m</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">min</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">。负滑脱能帮助“脱模”,有利于拉裂坯壳的愈合。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">39</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.什么是结晶器非正弦振动</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">有什么优点</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:结晶器非正弦振动是结晶器在振动时,其位移量在与正弦振动相同值的前提下,使结晶器上升具有比下降时间更长的的振动波形。拉速越高,保护渣的消耗量越低,润滑效果越差;尤其在结晶器液面附近发生漏钢的危险就越大。如何能提高弯月液面下铸坯与结晶器的润滑就成为突出的问题。结晶器非正弦振动波形使正滑脱时间增长,负滑脱时间减少,减小拉坯阻力,增加保护渣的消耗量,增加铸坯与结晶器的润滑减少漏钢。  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">40</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.结晶器非正弦振动是如何实现的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:实现结晶器非正弦振动最常用的方法是通过液压伺服系统,可以实现在线调节振幅和频率,按工艺要求设定波形。液压伺服系统实现结晶器非正弦振动精度比较高,在生产实践中得到了很好的应用,但设备成本比较高。采用机械方法也可以实现结晶器非正弦振动,国内已有开发使用机械方法实现结晶器非正弦振动的装置。据报道,国外已开发使用了用数字液压缸代替液压伺服系统,实现结晶器非正弦振动,大大降低了成本,具有广阔的市场前景。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">41</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.什么是板簧式结晶器振动系统</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">有什么优点</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:传统的结晶器振动系统多采用四偏心型和短臂四连杆型机构,一般认为这种机构存在导向设计上的缺陷,即由于磨损而产生不可控制的运动偏差。因此,出现了柔性体结晶器振动导向机构—板簧式结晶器振动系统。将四连杆型机构的上臂用弹簧钢板代替的振动系统称做半板簧式结晶器振动装置,四连杆型机构全部用弹簧钢板代替的振动系统称做全板簧式结晶器振动装置。板簧式结晶器振动系统由于是无轴承的振动机构,基本无磨损,具有使用性能稳定、运动精度高、寿命长等优点。目前,国内已出现新一代全板簧振动装置,其整体刚度增强、精度更高。</SPAN></FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <BR>44</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.什么是洁净器保护渣技术</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">连铸保护渣的主要作用是什么</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:随着高效连铸的发展,原有保护渣已满足不了使用要求。高效连铸采用的保护渣必须是低黏度、低熔点、高熔化速度、大凝固系数的新型保护渣;为此,人们需要研究、探讨、开发新型的保护渣。保护渣的专业化生产、系列化供应已成为连铸生产的当务之急。对保护渣物化性能的改进是实现高效连铸的又一关键技术。  保护渣的作用有以下几方面:  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">绝热保温防止散热;  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(2)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">隔开空气防止钢水二次氧化,保证钢的质量;  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(3)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">吸收溶解从钢水中上浮到钢渣界面的夹杂物;  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(4)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">结晶器壁与凝固壳之间有一层渣膜起润滑作用,减少拉坯阻力,从而可以防止凝壳与结晶器壁的黏结。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(5)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">充填坯壳与结晶器之间的气隙,改善结晶器传热。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(6)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">高效连铸由于拉速高、保护渣用量减少;因此要求保护渣具有更易流入气隙间形成润滑膜层的性能,以保证足够保护渣消耗量。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">45.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">连铸保护渣的基本物理、化学特性是什么</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:保护渣的基本物理、化学性能是测定渣子的理化指标,它主要包括以下几项:</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">化学成分,各牌号的保护渣一般由三部分物料组成,一是基料部分,二是辅助材料,三是熔速调节剂。它们都有定量的配比,对特殊要求按特殊的配比配制。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(2)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">熔化温度:将成品渣粉制成规定的中φ</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">3x 3mm</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">的试样,在专门仪器上把试样加热到圆柱体边为半球形的温度,定义达到半球点的温度叫熔化温度。通常将保护渣的熔点温度控制在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1200</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">℃以下。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(3)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">黏度:它表示渣粉熔化成液体的流动性能。黏度直接影响到熔渣吸收氧化物夹杂的速度和润滑铸坯的效果。黏度的测量是用扭摆黏度计或旋转黏度计测定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1300</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">℃渣子的黏度来比较不同渣子的流动性。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(4)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">熔化速度:它衡量渣子熔化过程的快,慢。熔速可用标准试样在规定温度下完全熔化或液化所需要的时间来表示。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(5)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">铺展性:它表示粉渣加到钢液面上的覆盖能力和覆盖的均匀性,可以用一定容积内的保护渣粉从规定高度下流到平板上铺散的面积来衡量。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(6)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">水分:保护渣粉容易吸潮,吸附水量超过规定会使渣粉结团影响使用效果。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">46</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.高效保护渣有何技术特点</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  为了满足高效连铸,保护渣必须符合下列要求:</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">在高拉速或拉速变化较大时,能保持足够的消耗量,避免发生黏结漏钢。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(2)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">结晶器与坯壳之间形成厚度适宜且分布均匀的渣膜,以降低摩擦力,促进传热,使坯壳快速均匀地生长。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(3)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">具有适当的熔渣层厚度,防止高拉速时熔渣供应不足。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">{4}</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">要有良好的溶解、吸收夹杂物的能为,并在吸收夹杂物以后,仍能保持稳定的使用性能。  因此,高效连铸用保护渣应具有低黏度、低熔点、高熔化速度和良好的吸收夹杂物性能。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">47</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.电磁搅拌技术在连铸中是如何应用的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:在连铸生产中应用电磁搅拌技术有助于提高钢水的纯净度,减少偏析、缩孔,改善铸坯凝固结构,能提高铸坯的表面质量和内部质量。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  电磁搅拌的原理是当磁场以一定速度切割钢液时,钢液中产生感应电流。载流钢水与磁场的相互作用力产生电磁力,从而驱动钢水运动。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">按感应方式可分为旋转搅拌、直线搅拌、螺旋搅拌。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">通常电磁搅拌安放在三个位置上:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">结晶器铜管四周与结晶器外壳之间,称为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">M</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">EMS</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">电磁搅拌器;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.结晶器出口附近,称为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">S</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">EMS</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">电磁搅拌器;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.凝固末端也就是二冷段后</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">处,称为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">F</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">EMS</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">搅拌器。  应用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">M</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">EMS</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">的作用是在铸坯凝固初期搅拌钢水运动,可均匀温度、消除过热、析出气体及促使夹杂物上浮;形成较宽的细小等轴晶带,并能使铸坯获得良好的表面质量。  应用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">S</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">EMS</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">的作用是改善凝固过程来获得中心较宽的等轴晶带。  应用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">F</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">EMS</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">的作用是改善铸坯的中心偏析</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">搅拌固液两相区,使心部偏析金属趋于均匀,同时产生较多的结晶核,这样能扩大等轴晶区,细化晶粒,对一些高碳钢而言是非常重要的。通过历年来的实践,人们根据工艺质‘量要求分别可将三种电磁搅拌进行几种组合。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">48.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">高效连铸对结晶器下方铸坯支撑有什么特殊要求?  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:高效连铸的核心技术是高速浇铸,浇铸速度的提高使得结晶器下方出口处铸坯坯壳厚度减薄,对结晶器下方铸坯有效支撑和强化冷却是高效连铸防止鼓肚、裂纹、提高坯壳强度和减少漏钢的主要保证之一。板坯采用格栅,方坯采用水幕强冷等都是出于这种考虑。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  板坯辊系在拉速提高的前提下,需要合理:地选择辊径的尺寸、材料及合理的结构。辊系的排列密疏要合理,留出合适的冷却空间;要采用连续矫直和轻压下等先进技术,保证在高拉速的条件下,减少铸坯的内部和外部缺陷,减少外形缺陷,确保铸坯的高质量。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">49</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.二次冷却与铸坯质量有什么关系</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:经过二次冷却的铸坯,易存在表面  缺陷、内部缺陷和形状缺陷,它影响了铸坯的质量。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  通常表面缺陷起源于结晶器,内部缺陷也起源于结晶器,在连铸界已成共识。但二次冷却区若软硬件配置不合理,将进一步扩大各种缺陷的发展。在这里我们只分析二次冷却的影响。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">二次冷却的表面缺馅  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">表面纵向裂纹:主要原因是二次冷却局部过冷产生纵向凹陷从而导致纵向裂纹。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(2) </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">表面、角部横向裂纹:二次冷却的水量过大、喷嘴偏斜直射铸坯角部等造成了表面横向裂纹。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(3)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">表面对角线裂纹:一般出现在方坯中,主要是由于四个面喷水不均匀、喷嘴堵塞等造成。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">:二次冷却的内部缺陷  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1) </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">中间裂纹:它是由于铸坯在凝固过程中过冷或不均匀二次冷却产生的热应力作用在树枝晶较弱的部位而产生的、也称为冷却裂纹。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">)中心星状裂纹</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">轴心裂纹</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">:原因是二次冷却过激造成了中心星状裂纹。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">3)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">中心偏析与中心疏松:中心偏析与中心疏松是对应的,它的形成是铸坯在二次冷却区凝固过程中,由于喷水冷却不均,柱状晶生成不规则;产生了“搭桥·现象。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">3.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">形状缺陷  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">菱形变形:它主要是在结晶器中形成,二次冷却不均匀会加剧菱形变形的形成,原因是喷嘴堵塞及安装时不对中、四侧水量不均匀、喷射角过大造成角部过冷。  (</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">)纵向凹陷:  原因是二冷装置对弧不准,二次冷却局部过冷</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">特别是二次冷却装置的上部</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">50.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">高效连铸的二次冷却与传统连铸有什么不同</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:高效连铸与传统连铸相比,拉坯速度明显提高。在高拉速浇铸情况下,结洁净器出口处坯壳较薄,冶金长度增加。高效连铸的二次冷却与传统连铸二次冷却相比的特点是:①冷却强度提高。在国外高速连铸中,二冷比水量已达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">2.5~3.0L</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">kg</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">。②二次冷却要求均匀,即根据铸坯不同情况实现控制冷却。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  为了满足连铸高效化的要求,达到均匀强冷的效果,获得具有恒定高温的连铸坯,在板坯连铸中趋向于采用有直线段的二冷段</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">立弯式</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">冷却,以获取对称的均匀冷却,在方坯连铸中尽量采用无障碍喷淋冷却,已获得更有效、更均匀的冷却效果,因此多采用刚性引锭杆。在供水制度控制上广泛采用了计算机机动态控制二冷技术,对二冷实行优化配水。此外;对冷却方式进行改进:开发高效冷却技术,如采用了气一水喷雾冷却;喷雾冷却、干式冷却等。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">51</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.二次冷却的强度是如何确定的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:确定二次冷却强度的原则:  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">在整个二冷区应当采取自上到下冷却强度由强到弱的原则;由结晶器拉出的铸坯进入二冷区上段时,内部液芯量大,坯壳薄,热阻小,坯壳凝固收缩产生的应力也小。此时加大冷却强度可使坯壳厚度迅速增加,并且在较高的拉速下也不会拉漏。当坯壳厚度增加到一定程度以后,随着坯壳热阻的增加,则应逐渐减小冷却强度,以避免铸坯表面热应力过大产生裂纹。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(2)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">为了提高铸机的生产率,应当采取高拉速和高冷却效率,但在提高冷却效率的同时,要避免铸坯表面局部温降剧烈而产生裂纹,故应使铸坯表面横向及纵向都能均匀降温,通常铸坯表面温度回升应小于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">100</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">℃/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">m</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(3)700-900</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">℃的温度范围是铸坯的脆性温度区,如铸坯表面温度在此范围内矫直时,易于产生横裂纹,所以应控制二次冷却强度,使铸坯表面温度降至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">900</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">℃以上,即高于脆性温度区进行娇直。此外,为了保证铸坯在二冷区支承辊之间形成的鼓肚量最小,在整个二冷区应限定铸坯表面温度,通常控制在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1100</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">℃以下。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(4)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">在确定冷却强度时要必须适应不同钢种的需要,特别是裂纹敏感性强的钢种,要采用弱冷。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(5)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">在板坯连铸机中要采用小辊径、多节辊,以保证铸坯不发生鼓肚、变形。  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">54</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.为什么要采用液芯矫直</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:提高拉坯速度是提高连铸机生产能力的有效途径。按常规设计,铸坯的液芯长度与拉速成正比。因此,高拉速连铸机铸坯的液芯必然很长,如仍采用固相矫直,势必使连铸机半径很大,这明显不合理。因此就需要采用带液芯矫直。  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">59</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.什么叫多点弯曲、多点矫直技术</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">  答:一点矫直是铸坯从结晶器出来后,经</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">圆弧长度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">丌</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">R</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">2)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">达到水平切线的切点,被强迫矫直后才沿水平线送出。此设计的弧形半径</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">R</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">为一常数</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(R=R0</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">RO</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">为矫直时半径</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">,曲线的曲率</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">c</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">一直保持某个常量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(C=1</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">/</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">BO)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">;在切点处突然变为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">0(C=1</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">/∞,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">,即为一直线。每个矫直点都会由内弧二辊外弧一辊构成。多点矫直是把集中在一点的大幅度变形分散到若干点去逐步变形,使每一点的变形率不致超过允许的极跟。中间要用若干过渡半径</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">R1 R2 R3</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">……</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Rn</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">顺序分步达到目标。总的矫直变形率是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">R0~Rn</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">一点矫直时的变形率的总和。  一点弯曲是指直结晶器出来的铸坯需经一组顶弯辊顶弯后进人弧形段。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">多点弯曲是指直结晶器出来的铸坯需经多组顶弯辊顶弯后进入弧形段。  </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">56</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.为什么高效连铸普遍使用多点矫直、多点弯曲技术</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 答:由于高效连铸中铸坯的液芯长度很长,需要进行带液芯矫直。在带液相矫直时,铸坯在两相区界面处坯壳的强度和允许的变形率极低。采用多点矫直可以把集中一点的应变量分散到多个点完成,将矫直点韵变形率控制在允许范围之内;消除了铸坯产生内裂的可能性,可以实现带液芯矫直。因此,在高速连铸中普遍使用多点弯曲、多点矫直技术。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>59</FONT></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.高效连铸对冷却水供水系统有什么要求</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:冷却水系统要适应高效连铸,首先要保证供水系统的完善,确保水压、水流量、水质在规定的范围内。在供水控制方面要实现半自动或全自动化控制,也就是实现二冷水动态控制。它的控制水平好坏,直接影响着铸坯的内部质量和外部质量以及外形缺陷,影响着铸机能否实现高拉速,是高效连铸发展中的一个不可忽略的关键技术。在其冷却水系统的设备上,要根据产品的要求,合理地分配水量,要保证水路的畅通无堵,选择适宜的设备适应最佳的配水制度。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>60</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.什么是漏钢预报装置</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:结晶器内产生粘结漏钢时,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">V</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">型坯壳破裂处向纵横方向扩大的同时下降到结晶器下口造成漏钢。坯壳破裂部向下通过结晶器各部位时温度急剧升降。正常情况下,在结晶器外壁的铜板上埋设的热电偶测出的温度曲线比较平稳,而当结晶器内坯壳粘结断裂时,钢水流出凝固壳,直接与铜壁接触。因此,上部热电偶的温度曲线首先达到峰值,如果此时不降低拉速,当断裂部位到达下部热电偶时,其温度曲线也升至峰值,此时还不降低拉速或暂停拉</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">坯使凝固壳加厚,则将发生漏钢。可以利用这种检测方式来预报结晶器漏钢。 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> {</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">未完待续</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">} 5</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.镀层对结晶器使用寿命有什么影响</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">?</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">有哪几种镀层</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:由于结晶器铜板硬度低,耐磨性较差,在铜板表面施加镀层,可使铜板表面的硬度增加两倍以上。因此,其耐磨性和使用寿命都有很大提高。   </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">镀层有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Ni+Cr</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Ni</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Fe</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Ni</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Co</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">合金等几种镀层。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Ni+Cr</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">复合镀层由于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Cr</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">硬度虽很高但</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Cr</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">层很薄,很快被磨损掉,而</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Ni</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">层耐磨性较差,使用寿命不太理想。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Ni</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Fe</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">合金镀层硬度比</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Ni+Cr</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">复合镀层高一倍以上,耐磨性增强,使用寿命长。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Ni</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Co</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">合金镀层是近年新并发的电镀工艺,硬度虽比</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Ni</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Fe</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">镀层低,但摩擦系数低、塑性好,耐磨性能和使用寿命均优于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Ni</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Fe</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">镀层。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>66</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">,什么是电磁约束</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">答:电磁冶金学是现代连铸技术的热点之一,利用电磁场对钢液流体特性进行控制,可以实现很好的冶金效果。对液态钢水施加电磁力可以实现旋转运动,利用这一原理开发了电磁搅拌技术、离心流动中间包。对液态钢水施加电磁力还可以限制液态钢水的运动。如电磁制动技术,通过电磁力对钢水的运动进行限制即所谓电磁约束。大包水口以及中间包水口的钢水流束形态对中间包和结晶器内的钢水流动有很大影响,利用电磁约束可以实现钢水控制,改善产品质量。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>67</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">.什么是无弯月面浇铸技术</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">? </SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=3>答:铸坯表面质量在所有的浇铸方式中除水平连铸外,都受到所谓自由弯液面问题的影响。而无弯液面浇铸技术,即采用把初生坯壳的位置与结晶器液面分开的方式,来解决初生坯壳凝固时受到弯液面及液面波动的影响。对这一问题的成熟的解决方式是所谓热顶结晶器技术,它是在结晶器顶部装低导热性陶瓷材料杆件或采用感应加热和超声波振动等装置,连铸生产中不再使用润滑油。</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>

tangzhihong 发表于 2006-11-17 17:31:35

Re: 高效连铸知识问答

很专业,欢迎朋友们多提供这些知识。

钢铁机械 发表于 2006-11-17 18:10:31

Re: 高效连铸知识问答

我是从是连铸维修的以前也看过相关的资料但是没有这么全面,谢谢楼主

xueyuan103 发表于 2006-11-27 17:20:49

Re: 高效连铸知识问答

请问有没有关于电磁搅拌之类的资料可以了解一下阿,还有连铸机最重要的是关于连铸机安装的资料

ehanys 发表于 2007-2-13 12:47:31

Re: 高效连铸知识问答

到北京或上海的新华书店去买几本专业书

xinyu86 发表于 2008-5-19 16:49:55

回复 1# sgmiao 的帖子

二冷那段 刚好用的到谢谢楼主

一地大米 发表于 2008-11-16 19:51:09

正搞不清楚连铸呵呵 谢了
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