外部条件对泵用机械密封的影响
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">前言</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">目前我们厂里用的泵大部分是机械密封的,而随着产品技术水平的提高和节约能源的要求,对整台泵使用寿命要求的提高</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">,</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">需要泵能够连续、高效的运行。因此机械密封的密封效果将直接影响整机的运行,我们厂里生产所用的原料存在易燃、易爆、易挥发、剧毒等介质,机械密封出现泄漏,将严重影响生产正常进行,严重的还将出现重大安全事故。人们在分析质量故障原因时,往往习惯在机械密封自身方面查找原因,例如:机械密封的选型是否合适,材料选择是否正确,密封面的比压是否正确,摩擦副的选择是否合理等等。而很少在机械密封的外部条件方面去查找原因,例如:泵给机械密封创造的条件是否合适,辅助系统的配置是否合适,而这些方面的原因往往是非常重要的。我们这里从泵用机械密封的外部条件的角度分析了影响密封效果的几种因素和应采取的合理措施。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> 1</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 机械密封的原理及要求</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">机械密封是靠一对相对运动的环的端面</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">A (</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">一个固定,另一个与轴一起旋转,见图</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1) </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">相互贴合形成的微小轴向间隙起密封作用,这种装置称为机械密封。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">机械密封通常由动环、静环、压紧元件和密封元件组成。其中动环和静环的端面组成一对摩擦副,动环靠密封室中液体的压力使其端面压紧图</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1 </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">机械密封原理示意图</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">在静环端面上,并在两环端面上产生适当的比压和保持一层极薄的液体膜而达到密封的目的。压紧元件产生压力,可使泵在不运转状态下,也保持端面贴合,保证密封介质不外漏,并防止杂质进入密封端面。密封元件起密封动环与轴的间隙</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">B</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">、静环与压盖的间隙</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">C</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">的作用,同时对泵的振动、冲击起缓冲作用。机械密封在实际运行中不是一个孤立的部件,它是与泵的其它零部件一起组合起来运行的,同时通过其基本原理可以看出,机械密封的正常运行是有条件的,例如:泵轴的窜量不能太大,否则摩擦副端面不能形成正常要求的比压;机械密封处的泵轴不能有太大的挠度,否则端面比压会不均匀等等。只有满足类似这样的外部条</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">再加上良好的机械密封自身性能,才能达到理想的密封效果。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> 2</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 外部条件影响的原因分析</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1>2.1</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 泵轴的轴向窜量大</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">机械密封的密封面要有一定的比压,这样才能起到密封作用,这就要求机械密封的弹簧要有一定的压缩量,给密封端面一个推力,旋转起来使密封面产生密封所要求的比压。为了保证这一个比压,机械密封要求泵轴不能有太大的窜量,一般要保证在</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">0.5 mm</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">以内。但在实际设计当中,由于设计的不合理,往往泵轴产生很大的窜量,对机械密封的使用是非常不利的。这种现象往往出现在多级离心泵中,尤其是在泵启动过程中,窜量比较大。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">图</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">2 </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">为平衡盘方法平衡轴向力的工作原理。平衡盘工作时自动改变平衡盘与平衡环之间的轴向间隙</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">b</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">,从而改变平衡盘前后两侧的压差,产生一个与轴向力方向相反的作用力来平衡轴向力。由于转子窜动的惯性作用和瞬态泵工况的波动,运转的转子不会静止在某一轴向平衡位置。平衡盘始终处在左右窜动的状态。平衡盘在正常工作中的轴向窜量只有</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">0.105 </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">~</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">0.11 mm</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">,满足机械密封的允许轴向窜量</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">0.15 mm</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">的要求,但平衡盘在泵启动、停机、工况剧变时的轴向窜量可能大大超过机械密封允许的轴向窜量。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">泵经过长时间运行后,平衡盘与平衡环摩擦磨损,间隙</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">b</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">随着增大,机械密封轴向窜量不断增加。由于轴向力的作用,吸入侧的密封面的压紧力增加,密封面磨损加剧,直至密封面损坏,失去密封作用。吐出侧的机械密封,随着平衡盘的磨损,转子部件的轴向窜量大于密封要求的轴向窜量,密封面的压紧力减小,达不到密封要求,最终使泵两侧的机械密封全部失去密封作用。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1>2.2</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 轴向力偏大</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">机械密封在使用过程中是不能够承受轴向力的,若存在轴向力,对机械密封的影响是严重的。有时由于泵的轴向力平衡机构设计的不合理及制造、安装、使用等方面的原因,造成轴向力没有被平衡掉。机械密封承受一个轴向力,运转时密封压盖温度将偏高,对于聚丙烯类的介质,在高温下会被熔融,因此泵启动后很快就失去密封效果,泵静止时则密封端面出现间断的喷漏现象。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1>2.3</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 泵轴的挠度偏大</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">机械密封又称端面密封,是一种旋转轴向的接触式动密封,它是在流体介质和弹性元件的作用下,两个垂直于轴心线的密封端面紧密贴合、相对旋转,从而达到密封效果,因此要求两个密封之间要受力均匀。但由于泵产品设计的不合理,泵轴运转时,在机械密封安装处产生的挠度较大,使密封面之间的受力不均匀,导致密封效果不好。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1>2.4</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 没有辅助冲洗系统或辅助冲洗系统设置不合理</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">机械密封的辅助冲洗系统是非常重要的,它可以有效地保护密封面,起到冷却、润滑、冲走杂物等作用。有时设计员没有合理地配置辅助冲洗系统,达不到密封效果;</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">有时虽然设计人员设计了辅助系统,但由于冲洗液中有杂质,冲洗液的流量、压力不够,冲洗口位置设计不合理等原因,也同样达不到密封效果。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1>2.5</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 振动偏大</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">机械密封振动偏大,最终导致失去密封效果。但机械密封振动偏大的原因往往不是机械密封本身的原因,泵的其它零部件是产生振动的根源,如泵轴设计不合理、加工的原因、轴承精度不够、联轴器的平行度差、径向力大等原因。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1>2.6</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 泵汽蚀的原因</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">由于装置系统操作不合理以及泵进口汽蚀性能不好、泵的转速偏高,在泵的入口处发生局部汽蚀,汽蚀发生后,介质中会有气泡,它一方面会冲击机械密封面的外表面,使其表面出现破损;</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">另一方面会使动静环的吻合面的流动膜中也含有气泡,不能形成稳定的流动膜,造成动静环的吻合面的干摩擦,使机械密封装置损坏。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1>3</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 应采取的措施</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1>3.1</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 消除泵轴窜量大的措施</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">合理地设计轴向力的平衡装置,消除轴向窜量。为了满足这一要求,对于多级离心泵,比较理想的设计方案有两个:一个是平衡盘加轴向止推轴承,由平衡盘平衡轴向力,由轴向止推轴承对泵轴进行轴向限位;另一个是平衡鼓加轴向止推轴承,由平衡鼓平衡掉大部分轴向力,剩余的轴向力由止推轴承承担,同时轴向止推轴承对泵轴进行轴向限位。第二种方案的关键是合理地设计平衡鼓,使之能够真正平衡掉大部分轴向力。对于其它单级泵、中开泵等产品,在设计时采取一些措施保证泵轴的窜量在机械密封所要求的范围之内。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1>3.2</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 消除轴向力偏大的措施</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">合理地设计轴向力平衡机构,使之能够真正充分地平衡掉轴向力,给机械密封创造一个良好的条件。对于一些电厂、石油、化工等领域应用的重要产品,在产品出厂之前,必须做到台台试验检测和发现问题和解决问题。有些重要的泵可以在转子上设计一个轴向测力环,对轴向力的大小进行随时监测,发现问题及时解决。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1>3.3</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 消除泵轴挠度偏大的措施</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">这种现象大多存在卧式多级离心泵中,在设计时采取以下措施:</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> (1) </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">减少两端轴承之间的距离。泵叶轮的级数不要太多,在泵总扬程要求较高的情况下,尽量提高每级叶轮的扬程,减少级数。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> (2) </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">增加泵轴的直径。在设计泵轴直径的时候,不要简单地仅考虑传递功率的大小,而要考虑机械密封、轴挠度、起动方法和有关惯性负荷、径向力等因素。很多设计员没有充分认识到这一点。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> (3) </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">提高泵轴材料的等级。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> (4) </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">泵轴安装前,对泵轴的挠度要进行校核检验。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1>3.4</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 增加辅助冲洗系统</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">在条件允许的情况下,尽量设计辅助冲洗系统。冲洗压力一般要求高于密封腔压力</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">0.107 </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">~</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">0.11 MPa</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">,如果输送介质属于易汽化的,则应高于汽化压力</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">0.1175</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">~</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">0.12 MPa</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">。密封腔压力要根据每种泵的结构型式、系统压力等因素来计算。轴封腔压力很高时或者压力几乎接近该密封使用最高极限时,也可由密封腔引液体至低压区,使轴封液体流动以带走摩擦热。推荐的冲洗量如表</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">所示。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">泵用机械密封表</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">根据每种泵的操作条件,合理地配置管路和附件。如冷却器、孔板、过滤器、阀门、流量指示器、压力表、温度等。实际上密封的可靠性和寿命,在很大程度上取决于密封辅助系统的配置。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1>3.5</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 消除泵进口汽蚀的措施</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> (1) </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">提高泵的汽蚀性能水平,满足现场装置的汽蚀性能的要求。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> (2) </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">现场试验装置的要求要与泵汽蚀性能水平匹配。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> (3) </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">现场安装和工况调节要给泵创造有利的条件。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1>3.6</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 消除泵振动的措施</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> (1) </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">泵装配过程中,严格按标准和操作规程去执行,消除振动源。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> (2) </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">泵、电机、底座、现场管路等辅助设备在现场安装时,要严格把关,消除振动源。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> (3) </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">现场生产、操作、维修、调节时,严格把关,消除振动源。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1>4</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"> 结束语</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">在泵用机械密封使用时,不仅要考虑机械密封本身的影响因素,而且要考虑机械密封外部的各种影响因素。在我们实际工作中要注意以下几个问题:</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> (1) </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">增加对机械密封辅助系统的重要作用的认识,尽可能配备完善的机械密封辅助系统,以提高密封效果。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> (2) </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">对重要泵用机械密封,要增加保护措施,提高密封质量,减少密封质量事故。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> (3) </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">分析机械密封的质量事故的原因时,要充分考虑到泵的其它零部件对机械密封运行的影响,采取措施不断提高机械密封的效果。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">参考文献</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">【</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">】牟介刚</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">丙烷泵的设计与研究</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">水泵技术,</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1999 ( 1) </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">:</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">9</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">~</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">131</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><BR><SPAN class=tpccontent1> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">【</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">2</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">】沈阳水泵研究所</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">叶片泵设计手册</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">北京:机械工业出版社,</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">19731 </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">【</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">3</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">】如何提高石化泵用机械密封的性能及寿命</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">石油化工设备技术,</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">1994 (6) </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">:</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">23</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">~</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=tpccontent1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">261</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
Re: 外部条件对泵用机械密封的影响
顶一下Re: 外部条件对泵用机械密封的影响
支持Re: 外部条件对泵用机械密封的影响
学习一下谢谢 请问机械密封会用到那些零部件,比如说 弹簧、挡圈等等 机械密封上使用的标准件有:弹簧(大弹簧、小弹簧、碟簧等)、O型圈(丁晴、氟橡胶、全氟醚、聚四氟乙烯等)、顶丝、螺丝。其余还有弹簧座、推环、波纹管、尾座、动静环(合金、石墨、碳化硅、陶瓷等)。
页:
[1]