汽车改装知识——悬吊系统之一
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">悬吊系统最主要就是由弹簧及避震器组成,弹簧大致可分为三类:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">、圈状式弹簧;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">、叶片式弹簧;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">、扭力杆式弹簧。避震器也有三大类型:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">、双管式避震器;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">、单管式气压避震器;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">、双管式气压避震器。而配合性能需求及科技的进步,避震器又发展出了许多特殊的型式,如:高低可调、阻尼可调、倒叉式避震器,这些高性能的避震器说明在其它文章中会有详细的分析。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">弹簧</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">、圈状式弹簧——是目前采用最广泛的型式,因为制造容易、性能优异、价格低,在变更圈数、线径或圈径的条件下,可自由选择所需要的设计。比如弹簧可应空间需求摆置在下三角架与大梁之间(奔驰车前避震系统的设计),或者弹簧与避震器结为一体,利用避震器外壳为基座的麦花臣支柱式型式,因为圈状弹簧采用不同粗细的圈径设计而成,弹簧密度相对增大,所以车身降低比例有限,但如果一味降低车身反而会导致避震器触底或上下支臂撞击车架的危险。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">、叶片式弹簧——通常是荷重车辆采用,构造简单且可以代替连杆结构支持车轴及角度,一举数得。但也由于弹性过硬及重量过重的因素,故小型车或高性能车皆不采用。早期</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">Seat</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">车系之后悬吊,近期雪佛兰或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">Smart</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">第一批前悬吊曾采用过改良型的片状弹簧。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">3 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">、扭力杆式弹簧——具有不占空间的特殊性,且利用另一端的固定座顶杆可调整车辆之负荷高度,市售三箱型货车很多都采用这种设计,特别的是标致车系之</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">106</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">206</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">309</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">Saxo</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">之后悬吊亦采用此种弹簧。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">避震器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">悬吊系统中为了抑制弹簧的震动频率,所以配置了避震器来控制弹簧受压后产生之波动。避震器对抗弹簧波动之阻力称之为“阻尼”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">、双管式避震器——又称为标准型避震器,在内杆前端有一个活塞阀体,在管底设置一个在缩短行程时产生阻尼的油底阀,相当于内杆进入或退出时,内容积的避震器油会经由油底阀进出管外侧的油室,它由大气压的空气封入油室,以空气的压缩、膨胀、吸收油的进出容积。阀体是圆板及薄钢板多重组合而成,当压力产生时,薄板受油压动作而挠曲形成设定之间隙,利用油流过此薄板间隙时的阻力产生阻尼,因而改变此薄板的厚度和数目,即可改变不同的阻尼系数,当杆身被拉长时,活塞上室被加压,油使阀挠曲产生阻力且流往下室,此时相当于流往下室之油是并不足以填补活塞上行之空间,因此油室的油推开底阀,补足下室不足之油室。此避震器在伸长行程时活塞下室从油室吸入大气压值的油易产生漩涡真空,而溶入油中产生气泡,此现象在动作快或连续性高时更明显,会有发生唧筒之声响,但不影响性能之运作,此型式之避震器应用于大部分之车辆具有避震行程长、阻尼调谐度佳。也因为双筒设计侧向耐磨度佳,应用在支柱式避震系统(麦花臣型式)尤为重要。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">、单管式气压避震器——单筒的设计,内部灌入高压氮气,此型式在回拉伸长行程及压缩行程全部仰赖活塞阀体产生阻尼,而气室在本体下端,以自由活塞分离油与气体(油、气分离式),在伸长行程时,活塞上室产生压力,油经阀体往下室压缩时则相反,封入气室内的氮气在缩短行程时,成为活塞上室不成负压的够高值,也就是,在油还没有全流到上室时,气室抵消了不平整的压力,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">Q</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">度的感觉会较佳。但是此型避震器存在着几项缺点为:(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">)、因为有气室存在,故筒身较长,如果为了缩短筒身则油室减少,影响避震效能,无法有较长的避震行程,不利道路行驶。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">)、防止往外部漏油的油封因作动时直接受力于活塞上室之压力,在高压下也须有高可靠性,不然非常容易漏油。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">)、因为上述的原因,油封的滑动阻力增大,影响内杆活动性。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt">)、为保证自由活塞的灵活度,下筒车内径加工精准度要高,内部失圆或公差间隙变化即失去作用,故此型式避震器较适用于竞技车辆,路面道路驾驶车辆使用,较易损坏。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #303236; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、双管式气压避震器——此型避震器兼具标准式的短筒与单筒气压式阻尼的确实性,其构造为双管式,气室中灌入的氮气不像单筒式那么高,管的下方开有连接活塞下室与气室的连通路。所产生机构基本上与单筒式相同,不同的是在缩短行程时,下室一部分的油流入气室,此连通路径成为阻力,缓和增加活塞下室压力不像单筒式那样,增高气室之压力而导致损坏,内导芯上部设有单向阀在伸长行程时,把从杆与上座间泄漏的油送回气室,在缩短行程时也不吸入气室内之气体。因此构造趋于复杂、成本较高,大都用于高级车上。</SPAN>
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