黄一钫 发表于 2006-10-25 22:11:50

通用变频器应用中的问题及对策

<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 变频器的节能原理  </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">    当今电动机消耗的电能约占工业电耗的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">65%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,风机、泵类设备年耗电量占全国电力消耗的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">30%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。造成这种状况的主要原因是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">风机、泵类等设备传统的调速方法是通过调节入口或出口的挡板、阀门开度来调节给风量和给水量,其输入功率大,且大量的能源消耗在挡板、阀门的截流过程中。当风机转速从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">n</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">变到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">n′</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,风量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Q</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、风压</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">H</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">及轴功率</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">P</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的变化关系:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Q′=Q</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">n′/n</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">);</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">H′=H</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">n′/n</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">P′=P</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">n′/n</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。风量与转速成正比,风压</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">H</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与转速的二次方成正比,轴功率与转速三次方成正比。所以,当所要求的风量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Q</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">减少时,可调节变频器输出频率使电动机转速</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">n</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按比例降低。这时,电动机的功率</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">P</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">将按三次方关系大幅度地降低,比调节挡板、阀门节能</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">40%~50%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,从而达到节电的目的。  </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 运行中的问题及对策  </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>    目前,通用变频器以其智能化、数字化、网络化等优点越来越受到用户的青睐。随着通用变频器应用范围的扩大,运行中出现的问题越来越多,主要有以下几方面:谐波、振动与噪声、负载匹配、发热等问题。  </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 谐波及其抑制对策  </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">    通用变频器的主电路形式一般由三部分组成:整流部分、逆变部分、滤波部分。整流部分为三相桥式不可控整流器,逆变器部分为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">IGBT</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三相桥式逆变器,且输出为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">PWM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">波形。输出电压中含有除基波以外的其他谐波。较低次谐波通常对电机负载影响较大,引起转矩脉动,而较高的谐波又使变频器输出电缆的漏电流增加,使电动机出力不足,故变频器输出的高低次谐波都必须抑制,可以采用以下方法抑制谐波。  </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chsdate w:st="on" Year="1899" Month="12" Day="30" IsLunarDate="False" IsROCDate="False"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.1.1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">增加变频器供电电源内阻抗  </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>    通常电源设备的内阻抗可以起到缓冲变频器直流滤波电容的无功功率的作用,内阻抗越大,谐波含量越小,这种内阻抗就是变压器的短路阻抗。因此选择变频器供电电源时,最好选择短路阻抗大的变压器。  </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.1.2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 安装电抗器  </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">    在变频器的输入端和输出端串接合适的电抗器(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">A?</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">鄄</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">CL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),使整流阻抗增大,可以抑制高次谐波电流。  </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.1.3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 采用变压器多相运行  </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">    通用变频器为六脉冲波整流器,因此产生的谐波较大。如果利用变压器二次绕组接法的不同,使两组三相交流电源间相位错开</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">30°</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。整流变压器二次绕组分别采用星形和三角形接法,整流电路的脉波数由</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">脉波提高到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">脉波,可减小低次谐波电流,更好地抑制低次谐波。  </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 噪声与振动及其对策  </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>    用变频器进行电动机调速运转时,将产生噪声和振动,这是变频器输出波形中含有高次谐波分量所产生的影响。随着运转频率的变化,基波分量、谐波分量也在很大范围内变化,因此电动机各部分的谐波增加。  </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.2.1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 噪声问题及对策  </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>    电动机的噪声大体有通风噪声、电磁噪声和机械噪声三种。  </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>    变频器传动时,由于输出电压、电流中含有谐波分量,气隙的谐波磁通增加,所以噪声变大。其特征如下:由于变频器输出较低的谐波频率与转子固有频率的共振,导致在转子固有频率附近的噪声增大;由于变频器输出的谐波分量使铁心、机壳、轴架等谐波,导致在其固有频率附近的噪声增大。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">    为了抑制变频器传动引起的噪声,特别是刺耳的噪声与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">PWM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制的开关频率有关,尤其在低频区更为显著。一般采用以下措施平抑和减少噪声:在变频器输出侧连接交流电抗器。如果转矩有余量,将</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">U/f</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">值定小些,并可采用特殊电动机(对噪声采取了措施)等。  </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.2.2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 振动问题及对策  </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>    电动机振动的原因可分为电磁与机械两种。  </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">    电磁原因引起的振动表现为:由于较低次的谐波分量与转子的谐振,其固有频率附近的振动分量增加</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由于谐波产生的脉动转矩的影响发生振动。特别是当脉动转矩的频率同电动机转子与负载构成的轴系扭转固有频率一致时将发生谐振。  </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>    机械原因引起的振动表现为:电动机轴上有外伸重量等,轴系统的固有频率降低时,如果电动机高速运转,全旋转频率与轴系统固有频率接近,则振动加剧。转子残余不平衡引起离心力与转速的二次方成比例增加,所以用变频器进行高速运转时,振动加大。  </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">    为减少谐波产生的电磁力,可以在变频器的输出侧连接交流电抗器,以吸收变频器输出电流中的高次谐波电流成分。使用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">PAM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">方式或方波</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">PWM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">方式变频器时,可改用正弦波</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">PWM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或矢量控制方式变频器,以减小脉动转矩。</SPAN></FONT></P>

岭南35 发表于 2012-12-21 20:12:56

{:soso_e179:}变频器节能是主要的

sz_lingnan 发表于 2013-2-21 10:01:24

谢谢分享
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